Determining a Crystal Surface's Precise Atomic Arrangement

A crystal's outermost surface layer might be arranged differently from its bulk interior, and this precise surface atomic arrangement needs to be determined directly.

References

• Van Hove, M.A., Somorjai, G.A. "Structure, Energetics, and Dynamics of Metal Surfaces." Surface Science Reports 19, no. 3-6 (1993): 413–481.