Hardness Testing (Vickers/Rockwell)

Quantifies a material's resistance to localized permanent deformation by pressing a standardized indenter into its surface under a known load.

References

• Smith, R.L., Sandland, G.E. "An Accurate Method of Determining the Hardness of Metals, with Particular Reference to Those of a High Degree of Hardness." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1, no. 1 (1922): 623–641.