Mössbauer Spectroscopy

Reveals a specific element's oxidation state, magnetic environment, and local bonding with extreme precision, by measuring recoil-free gamma ray absorption from a nucleus embedded in a solid.

References

• Mössbauer, R.L. "Recoilless Nuclear Resonance Absorption of Gamma Rays." Zeitschrift für Physik 151, no. 2 (1958): 124–143.