Voltage-Sensitive Dye Response to Membrane Potential

How a dye embedded directly in a membrane can shift its own fluorescence in direct, immediate response to the electric field it sits within, tracking voltage rather than a downstream consequence of it.

References

• Loew, L.M., Simpson, L.L. "Voltage-Sensitive Dyes." Biophysical Journal 34, no. 3 (1981): 353–365.